![]() Both flaxseed and flaxseed oil can cause diarrhea.Ī recent review of the research on garlic supplements concluded that they can lower cholesterol if taken for more than 2 months, but their effect is modest in comparison with the effects of cholesterol-lowering drugs. Flaxseed, like any fiber supplement, should be taken with plenty of water, as it could worsen constipation or, in rare cases, cause an intestinal blockage.There’s little reliable information on whether it’s safe to use flaxseed when nursing. Flaxseed and flaxseed oil should be avoided during pregnancy as they may have mild hormonal effects.Flaxseed and flaxseed oil supplements seem to be well tolerated in limited amounts.Raw or unripe flaxseeds may contain potentially toxic compounds.A 2009 meta-analysis of 28 studies found that flaxseed lowered cholesterol only in people with relatively high initial cholesterol levels. ![]() A 2015 randomized controlled trial of 110 participants with clinically significant cardiovascular disease found that milled flaxseed lowers total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in people with peripheral artery disease and may have additional low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol-lowering capabilities when used in conjunction with cholesterol-lowering medications.Studies of flaxseed and flaxseed oil to lower cholesterol levels have had mixed results.The effects were stronger for women (especially postmenopausal women) than men and for people with higher initial cholesterol levels. Studies of flaxseed preparations to lower cholesterol levels suggest possible beneficial effects for some types of flaxseed supplements, including whole flaxseed and flaxseed lignans but not flaxseed oil. However, it’s uncertain whether soy isoflavone supplements are safe for these women. Current evidence indicates that it’s safe for women who have had breast cancer or who are at risk for breast cancer to eat soy foods.Soy foods do not appear to increase the risk of endometrial hyperplasia. Long-term use of soy isoflavone supplements might increase the risk of endometrial hyperplasia.The most common side effects of soy are digestive upsets, such as stomach pain and diarrhea.However, the safety of long-term use of high doses of soy extracts has not been established. Except for people with soy allergies, soy is believed to be safe when consumed in normal dietary amounts.A 2011 meta-analysis of 20 parallel-design studies and 23 crossover studies found that soy protein consumption (a median of 30 g/day) was associated with a significant improvement in lipoprotein risk factors for coronary heart disease.The study found that the supplementation of isoflavones when combined with exercise training was effective in reducing total cholesterol and increasing interleukin-8 levels. A 2018 randomized controlled trial of 32 healthy and non-obese postmenopausal women without hormone therapy examined the effect of isoflavone supplementation in addition to combined exercise training on plasma lipid levels, inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress.The effect of soy is much smaller than that of cholesterol-lowering drugs. A 2015 meta-analysis of 35 studies indicated that soy foods were more effective in lowering cholesterol than soy protein supplements and that isoflavones did not lower cholesterol. Some soy products can have a small cholesterol-lowering effect. In people with sitosterolemia, high plant sterol levels have been associated with increased risk of premature atherosclerosis.Side effects include diarrhea or fat in the stool. Plant sterols/stanols are generally safe for most healthy people.Further analysis showed no significant difference between the LDL-cholesterol−lowering action of plant sterols/stanols supplements compared with foods enriched with plant sterols/stanols. ![]()
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